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柯林斯词典
- WHO DOES SOMETHING OR HOW IT IS DONE
1. PREP If something is done by a person or thing, that person or thing does it. 被
The feast was served by his mother and sisters. 宴席由他的母亲和姐妹们招待。
I was amazed by their discourtesy and lack of professionalism. 我为他们的无礼和职业精神的缺乏所震惊。
2. PREP If you say that something such as a book, a piece of music, or a painting is by a particular person, you mean that this person wrote it or created it. 由…创作
A painting by Van Gogh has been sold in New York for more than eighty-two million dollars. 一幅由梵高创作的画在纽约卖到超过八千二百万美元。
3. PREP If you do something by a particular means, you do it using that thing. 以…方式
If you're travelling by car, ask whether there are parking facilities nearby. 如果你开汽车旅行，问问附近是否有停车设施。
4. PREP If you achieve one thing by doing another thing, your action enables you to achieve the first thing. 通过[PREP -ing]
Make the sauce by boiling the cream and stock together in a pan. 通过将乳酪和高汤一起放在平底锅里煮来制作调味料。
The all-female yacht crew made history by becoming the first to sail round the world. 全部由女性组成的游艇船员通过首次环球航行而创造了历史。
5. PREP You use by in phrases such as "by chance" or "by accident" to indicate whether or not an event was planned. 由于
I met him by chance out walking yesterday. 昨天出去散步时我无意中遇到了他。
He opened Ingrid's letter by mistake. 他误拆了英格丽德的信。
6. PREP If someone is a particular type of person by nature, by profession, or by birth, they are that type of person because of their nature, their profession, or the family they were born into. 就…而言[adj/n PREP n]
I am certainly lucky to have a kind wife who is loving by nature. 我的确幸运有一位仁慈的妻子，她天生富有爱心。
She's a nurse by profession and now runs a counselling service for women. 她是护士出身，现在经营着一家针对女性的咨询服务公司。
7. PREP If something must be done by law, it happens according to the law. If something is the case by particular standards, it is the case according to the standards. 根据
Pharmacists are required by law to give the medicine prescribed by the doctor. 根据法律，药剂师被要求只配医生开列的药。
8. PREP If you say what someone means by a particular word or expression, you are saying what they intend the word or expression to refer to. 通过 (说某词或某话)
Stella knew what he meant by "start again."
斯特拉知道他说“再次开始”是什么意思。
9. PREP If you hold someone or something by a particular part of them, you hold that part. 通过
He caught her by the shoulder and turned her around. 他抓住她的肩膀，使她转过身。
She was led by the arm to a small room at the far end of the corridor. 她被抓着胳膊带到走廊另一头的一个小屋里。
10. PHRASE If you are by yourself, you are alone. 独自地
...a dark-haired man sitting by himself in a corner. …一个独自坐在角落里的、深色头发的男子。
11. PHRASE If you do something by yourself, you succeed in doing it without anyone helping you. 独立地
I didn't know if I could raise a child by myself. 我不知道是否能独立抚养一个孩子。
PHRASE
1. PREP Someone or something that is by something else is beside it and close to it. 在…旁边
Judith was sitting in a rocking chair by the window. 朱迪丝坐在窗边的摇椅上。
Felicity Maxwell stood by the bar and ordered a glass of wine. 费利西蒂·马克斯韦尔站在吧台旁，叫了一杯葡萄酒。
2. ADV By is also an adverb. 在旁边[ADV after v]
Large numbers of security police stood by. 许多秘密警察站在旁边。
3. PREP If a person or vehicle goes by you, they move past you without stopping. 经过[v PREP n]
A few cars passed close by me. 几辆车从我近旁驶过。
4. ADV By is also an adverb. 经过[ADV after v]
The bomb went off as a police patrol went by. 炸弹在巡警队经过时爆炸了。
5. PREP If you stop by a place, you visit it for a short time. 暂时 (拜访)
We had made arrangements to stop by her house in Pacific Grove. 我们已安排好顺道去她在太平洋路的家拜访。
6. ADV By is also an adverb. 暂时地[ADV after v]
I'll stop by after dinner and we'll have that talk. 晚餐后我会过来待会儿，我们可以谈谈那件事。
ADV
1. PREP If something happens by a particular time, it happens at or before that time. 到…时; 在…之前
By eight o'clock he had arrived at my hotel. 他八点前已到了我住的旅馆。
2. PREP If you do something by day, you do it during the day. If you do it by night, you do it during the night. 在…期间
By day a woman could safely walk the streets. 白天，妇女可以安全地在街上走。
3. PREP In arithmetic, you use by before the second number in a multiplication or division sum. 用于乘除法中[PREP num]
...an annual rate of 22.8 percent (1.9 multiplied by 12). …每年22.8％的比率（1.9乘以12）。
4. PREP You use by to talk about measurements of area. For example, if a room is twenty feet by fourteen feet, it measures twenty feet in one direction and fourteen feet in the other direction. 表示面积尺寸[PREP num]
Three prisoners were sharing one small cell 3 metres by 2½ metres. 3名囚犯共住一间3米长2.5米宽的小牢房。
5. PREP If something increases or decreases by a particular amount, that amount is gained or lost. (表示数量、程度等) 以…之差[PREP amount]
Violent crime has increased by 10 percent since last year. 暴力犯罪自去年以来已上升了10％。
6. PREP Things that are made or sold by the million or by the dozen are made or sold in those quantities. 按…计算[PREP 'the' n]
Packages arrived by the dozen from America. 成打的包裹从美国寄来。
7. PREP You use by in expressions such as "minute by minute" and "drop by drop" to talk about things that happen gradually, not all at once. 表示循序渐进的速度[n PREP n]
His father began to lose his memory bit by bit, becoming increasingly forgetful. 他父亲的记忆力开始一点点衰退，变得越来越健忘。
返回 by
by
介词读作baɪ。副词读作ˈbaɪ。
POSITION OR PLACE
by
TIMES AND AMOUNTS
by /baɪ/
介词读作baɪ。副词读作ˈbaɪ。
剑桥词典
- The roof of the temple was held up by a row of thick stone columns .
- The girl's mother was at home today, being comforted by relatives .
- The English were conquered by the Normans in 1066.
- The temperature is controlled by a thermostat .
- Any painting by Van Gogh is worth a fortune .
- She cheated in the test by copying from the boy in front .
- I don't have any cash on me, so could I pay by cheque ?
- Whenever I travel by train , I always travel first class .
- He managed to stay afloat by holding on to the side of the boat .
- The pilot avoided a collision by changing course .
- We spent a week by the coast .
- He held my arms down by my sides .
- He has a house down by the harbour .
- She sat reading by the fireside .
- We are committed to withdrawing our troops by the end of the year .
- All contributions for the school magazine must be received by 1 August .
- We need a firm decision by the end of the week .
- I've got to be home by seven.
- I aim to be a millionaire by the time I'm 35.
by preposition (AGENT)
used to show the person or thing that does something（用于表示动作的施动者）被，由
The motorcycle was driven by a tiny bald man. 那辆摩托车由一个秃顶的小个子男人驾驶。
We were amazed by what she told us. 我们对她所说的事感到很惊讶。
I'm reading some short stories (written) by Chekhov. 我在读契诃夫写的一些短篇小说。
The book was translated by a well-known author . 这本书是由一位著名作家翻译的。
I felt frightened by the anger in his voice . 我被他声音中的怒气吓坏了。
例句
by preposition (METHOD)
used to show how something is done（用于表示方式）
They travelled across Europe by train /car . 他们乘火车／开汽车在欧洲旅行。
She did the decorating (all) by herself (= alone , without help from anyone). 所有装饰都是她一人做的。
We went in by (= through) the front door . 我们是从前门进去的。
Do you want to be paid in cash or by cheque ? 你想拿现金还是支票？
He learned English by listen ing to the radio . 他通过听收音机来学习英语。
Suddenly, she grabbed him by the arm (= took hold of this part of his body ). 突然，她抓住了他的手臂。
I refuse to live by (= following ) their rules . 我拒绝遵守他们的规矩。
例句
by preposition (POSITION)
near or at the side of在…旁边，在…附近
A small child stood sullenly by her side . 一个小孩闷闷不乐地站在她身边。
He wanted to keep her close by him always. 他想让她一直呆在自己身边。
The policewoman walked by (= past) them without saying a word. 那个女警察没说一句话就从他们身边走过去了。
例句
by preposition (NOT LATER THAN)
not later than; at or before不迟于；早于
She had promised to be back by five o'clock. 她答应过5点前回来。
The application must be in by the 31st to be accepted . 申请必须在31号之前到达才会被接受。
By the time I got to the station the train had already gone. 等我到达火车站时，火车已经开走了。
例句
by preposition (MEASUREMENT)
used to show measurements or amounts（用于表示度量或数量）
Our office floor space measured twelve metres by ten (= was twelve metres in one direction and ten in the other). 我们办公室的面积为12乘10米。
Their wages were increased by 15 percent . 他们的工资上涨了15%。
Freelance workers are paid by the hour (= for every hour they work ). 自由职业者按小时领取报酬。
These phones have sold by the thousand (= several thousand have been sold ). 这些电话已经售出几千台。
minute by minute/hour by hour/day by day, etc. (also by the minute/hour/day, etc.)
used to say that something increases or changes with every minute , hour , day , etc. that passes
随着每分钟（每小时，每天，等）的过去
The death toll from the hurricane was climbing minute by minute /by the minute . 随着每分钟的过去，飓风造成的死亡人数一直在增加。
The credibility of the campaign has deterioriated month by month /by the month . 随着每个月的过去，这项活动的声誉一直在下跌。
minute-by-minute/hour-by-hour, etc.
describing or showing what happens every minute , hour , etc.
每分钟（每小时等）的（变化）
a minute-by-minute timeline of the incident 这一事件以分钟计的时间表
The book paints a detailed , week-by-week portrait of his father's illness . 这本书详述了每一星期他父亲疾病的恶化过程。
by preposition (DURING)
during
在…期间
We travelled by night and rested by day . 我们昼伏夜行。
by nature, profession, trade, etc.
used when describing someone's character , job , etc.
本性（职业等）上
She is, by nature , a sunny , positive kind of person . 她本性是那种乐观开朗、积极向上的人。
He's a plumber by trade . 他的职业是水暖工。
She was, by profession , a lawyer . 她的职业是律师。
be all right/fine by sb
If something is all right /fine by someone, they agree that it can happen .
同意，不反对
"I'd rather go later ." "That's fine by me." “我想晚点去。”“我没意见。”
If it's all right by you, I'd like to leave now. 如果你不反对的话，我想现在走。 返回 by