延續性與非延續性動詞在現在完成時態中的使用

(1)有一些動詞是瞬間動詞，也叫非延續性動詞，這些動詞一發生就結束了，常見的有：come, go, arrive, reach, leave, begin, start, buy, join, die, borrow, get up, become, open, stop等。這些動詞雖然可以用於現在完成時(說明某個動作的結果還存在)，但由於它們不能延續，因此不能跟表示一段的時間狀語連用。(也即現在完成時的第二個基本用法中不能使用非延續性動詞)。

e.g. Jim has come back. (正) 吉姆已經廻來了。

Jim has come back for a month. (誤) come back的動作不能延續一個月，因此錯誤。

(2)瞬間動詞不可以用於有段時間的現在完成時態中，因此，若要解決這一問題，就應把它改爲相應的延續性動詞或短語，主要有以下幾種：

①用相應的延續性動詞

如： buy → have borrow → keep come/go/become → be put on → wear catch a cold → have a cold ②轉換成be+名詞

如： join → be a member of go to school → be a student ③轉換成be+形容詞或副詞

如： die → be dead leave → be away begin → be on finish → be over fall asleep — be asleep open → be open get up → be up close → closed ④轉換成be+介詞短語

如： come to/go to/arrive in (at)/get to/reach …→ be in/at… join the army → be in the army(軍隊)

e.g. I have borrowed the book. 我已經借了那本書。

I have kept the book for two days. 我已經借那本書兩天了。

Jim has joined the band. 吉姆已經加入那樂隊了。

Jim has been a member of the band for a month. 吉姆已經加入那個樂隊一個月了。

His grandfather has died. 他祖父已經死了。

His grandfather has been dead for 2 years. 他祖父已經死了兩年了。

My father has arrived in China. 我父親已經到達中國了。

My father has been in China for a week. 我父親已經在中國一個星期了。

(3)在否定句中，非延續性動詞也可以與時間段連用。

e.g. I haven’t borrowed books from the library since last year. 自去年以來我就沒有在圖書館借過書。

Jim hasn’t come back for a year. 吉姆已有一年沒廻來了。